L Leucine Muscle Growth: Benefits & Aging Health Tips
By Steve Blechman
A new study published in the December 16th issue of The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition highlights that the leucine requirement of older adults is more than double the amount in current recommendations. This underscores the importance of leucine in muscle protein synthesis, particularly for aging individuals. Leucine is not only a key player in muscle growth but also vital in muscle loss prevention, making it a cornerstone for maintaining muscle health as we age.
Sarcopenia, the progressive loss of muscle, power, and strength with age, can be mitigated by early intervention. Adequate protein intake, particularly the essential amino acid leucine, combined with physical activity, especially resistance training, is crucial. A clinical trial in the journal Nutrients reported that L-leucine supplementation has beneficial effects on sarcopenia, suggesting its potential as a treatment for muscle loss in older individuals. These findings emphasize the role of leucine in aging and muscle health.
Leucine is a powerful anabolic trigger and the most potent branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) of the mTOR pathway, critical for muscle protein synthesis. The benefits of L-leucine supplements extend beyond muscle growth; they include preventing muscle loss, increasing insulin sensitivity, enhancing fat metabolism, and improving recovery. Incorporating l leucine muscle growth strategies into your routine can significantly enhance muscle health and combat anabolic resistance.
Unlike other branched-chain amino acids, leucine uniquely activates the mTOR pathway, making it more effective and cost-efficient to consume leucine alone post-exercise rather than BCAAs. Isoleucine and valine, other BCAAs, may inhibit leucine's benefits due to competition for transport into muscle cells. Therefore, focusing on leucine supplementation is vital for optimizing muscle protein synthesis.
Research indicates that muscle protein synthesis is highly dependent on leucine concentration. A study in the journal Nutrients found that pure leucine supplements might be more effective for muscle protein synthesis than dietary leucine. This makes muscle protein synthesis supplements containing leucine highly effective for muscle growth and recovery.
In a randomized crossover study, young Japanese men were tested under different conditions, revealing that free leucine intake significantly increased plasma leucine concentration compared to a mixed meal with the same leucine content. This suggests that the timing and form of leucine intake are crucial for maximizing its anabolic effects.
For optimal results, take 5 grams of leucine on an empty stomach 30 minutes before a post-workout meal or protein shake. This approach addresses anabolic resistance and maximizes muscle protein synthesis. A meta-analysis of various studies has shown that BCAA supplements are best taken after exercise to enhance recovery and muscle growth.
Taking pure leucine on an empty stomach ensures a better spike in blood levels, as food can slow its absorption. Leucine acts as a powerful metabolic switch, increasing mTOR activity and promoting protein synthesis for several hours post-training. When taken after resistance exercise and before a protein-rich meal, leucine triggers greater protein synthesis, aiding recovery and muscle gains.
-
Benefits of L Leucine Supplements:
- Enhances muscle growth
- Prevents muscle loss
- Increases insulin sensitivity
- Enhances fat metabolism
- Improves recovery
To effectively use leucine as part of a muscle health strategy, consider the following tips:
- Ensure adequate leucine intake through diet or supplements to support muscle protein synthesis.
- Incorporate resistance training into your routine to maximize the anabolic effects of leucine.
- Focus on the timing of leucine intake to optimize its benefits, ideally post-exercise.
THE BEST L LEUCINE SUPPLEMENT
AML Post Workout contains 5 grams of pure leucine, along with 5 grams of creatine monohydrate and 2.5 grams of betaine. Creatine supports muscle growth by inhibiting myostatin, while betaine stimulates growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1. This combination makes AML Post Workout a potent muscle growth and recovery supplement. For best results, take one serving of AML Post Workout on an empty stomach 15-30 minutes before a post-workout meal, ensuring all essential amino acids required for muscle protein synthesis and muscle health are available.
References:
- Sylwia Szwiega, Paul B Pencharz, Mahroukh Rafii, Mackenzie Lebarron, Jessica Chang, Ronald O Ball, Dehan Kong, Libai Xu, Rajavel Elango, Glenda Courtney-Martin, Dietary leucine requirement of older men and women is higher than current recommendations. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, December 16, 2020 nqaa323, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa323
- Martínez-Arnau FM, Fonfría-Vivas R, Buigues C, Castillo Y, Molina P, Hoogland AJ, van Doesburg F, Pruimboom L, Fernández-Garrido J, Cauli O. Effects of Leucine Administration in Sarcopenia: A Randomized and Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020 Mar 27;12(4):932. doi: 10.3390/nu12040932. PMID: 32230954; PMCID: PMC7230494.
- Church DD, Schwarz NA, Spillane MB, et al. l-Leucine Increases Skeletal Muscle IGF-1 but Does Not Differentially Increase Akt/mTORC1 Signaling and Serum IGF-1 Compared to Ursolic Acid in Response to Resistance Exercise in Resistance-Trained Men. J Am Coll Nutr 2016;35(7):627-638. doi:10.1080/07315724.2015.1132019
- Yoshii at al. Nutrients 2018, 10(10), 1543; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101543Effect of Mixed Meal and Leucine Intake on Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations in Young Men/
- Rahimi MH, Shab-Bidar S et al. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and exercise-induced muscle damage in exercise recovery: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrition 2017.
- Chad M Kerksick, Colin D Wilborn, Michael D. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations.
- Roberts, et al. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2018;15:38 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y 1 June 2018
- Robert R. Wolfe. Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: myth or reality? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2017;14:30 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0184-9
- Szmelcman S, Guggenheim K. Interference between leucine, isoleucine and valine during intestinal absorption. Biochemical Journal 1966;100(1):7-11.
- Wilkinson, DJ et al. Effects of leucine and its metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrateonhumanskeletalmuscleproteinmetabolism. J Physiol 2013;591,2911-2923.
- Cummings NE, Williams EM, Kasza I, Konon EN et al. (2018), Restoration of metabolic health by decreased consumption of branched‐chain amino acids. J Physiol, 596: 623-645. doi:10.1113/JP275075
- Duke University. Diabetes researchers find switch for fatty liver disease: Carbs, fats and protein: One molecule to rule them all? ScienceDaily, 17 May 2018. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180517113847.ht
- PJ White, RW McGarrah, PA Grimsrud, S Tso, W Yang, JM Haldeman, C Newgard et al. The BCKDH Kinase and Phosphatase Integrate BCAA and Lipid Metabolism via Regulation of ATP-Citrate Lyase. Cell Metabolism, 2018; DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.015
- NutraIngredients-USA.com, December 17, 2017. Nathan Gray. Could dropping specific amino acids from diet be key to weight loss?
- CB Newgard, J An, JR Bain et al. A Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related Metabolic Signature that Differentiates Obese and Lean Humans and Contributes to Insulin Resistance Cell Metab 2009 April; 9(4): 311-326. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2009.02.002
- Zheng Y, Li Y, Qi Q et al. Cumulative consumption of branched-chain amino acids and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45: 1482-92.
- Isanejad M, LaCroix AZ, Thomson CA et al. Branched-chain amino acid, meat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Women's Health Initiative. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:1523-30.
- Newgard CB, An J, Bain JR et al. A branched-chain amino acid-related metabolic signature that differentiates obese and lean humans and contributes to insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2009; 9: 311-26
- Tremblay F, Krebs M, Dombrowski L et al. Overactivation of S6 kinase 1 as a cause of human insulin resistance during increased amino acid availability. Diabetes 2005; 54: 2674-84.
- Tremblay F, Krebs M, Dombrowski L et al. Overactivation of S6 kinase 1 as a cause of human insulin resistance during increased amino acid availability. Diabetes 2005; 54: 2674-84.
- Lee CC, Watkins SM, Lorenzo C et al. Branched-chain amino acids and insulin metabolism: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Diabetes Care 2016; 39: 582-8.
- Yoon M-S. The emerging role of branched-chain amino acids in insulin resistance and metabolism. Forum Nutr 2016; 8: 405-17.
- Abdul-Ghani MA, Tripathy D and DeFronzo RA. Contributions of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:1130-9.
- Jang C, Oh, SF, et al A branched-chain amino acid metabolite drives vascular fatty acid transport and causes insulin resistance. Nat Med 22, 421-426
- Sara B Seidelmann, Brian Claggett, Susan Cheng, Mir Henglin, Amil Shah, Lyn M Steffen, Aaron R Folsom, Eric B Rimm, Walter C Willett, Scott D Solomon, Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis, The Lancet Public Health, 2018, ISSN 2468-2667, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30135-X.
- Zhaoping Li, Professor of Medicine, UCLA, US National Library of Medicine www. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02684565 Last Update Posted: February 12, 2018 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02684565
- Lotta LA, Scott RA, Sharp SJ, Burgess S, Luan J, et al. (2016) Genetic Predisposition to an Impaired Metabolism of the Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Mendelian Randomisation Analysis. PLOS Medicine 13(11): e1002179. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002179
- Avogaro A and Bier DM (1989) Contribution of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate to the measurement of 3-hydroxybutyrate in human plasma: comparison of enzymatic and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays in normal and in diabetic subjects. J Lipid Res 30, 1811-1817
- Giesbertz P, Padberg I et al. (2015) Metabolite profiling in plasma and tissues of ob/ob and db/db mice identifies novel markers of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 58, 2133-2143.
- Insulin Resistance, And What May Contribute to It, by Lila Abassi on March 14, 2016. American Council on Science & Health https://www.acsh.org/news/2016/03/14/branched-chain-amino-metabolite-a-culprit-in-insulin-resistance
- Lydia-Ann LS Harris, Gordon I Smith, Bruce W Patterson, Raja S Ramaswamy et al. Alterations in 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate and FGF21 Metabolism Are Associated With Protein Ingestion-Induced Insulin Resistance Diabetes 2017;66:1871-1878 https://doi.org/10.2337/db16-1475
- Mardinoglu, Adil et al. Elevated Plasma Levels of 3-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid Are Associated With Incident Type 2 Diabetes. EBioMedicine, Volume 27, 151-155, Jan. 2018.
- Ulrika Andersson-Hall, Carolina Gustavsson, Anders Pedersen, Daniel Malmodin, Louise Joelsson, and Agneta Holmäng. Higher Concentrations of BCAAs and 3-HIB Are Associated with Insulin Resistance in the Transition from Gestational Diabetes to Type 2 Diabetes, Journal of Diabetes Research, vol. 2018, Article ID 4207067, 12 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4207067.
- Macotela Y, Emanuelli B, Bang AM et al. (2011) Dietary leucine - an environmental modifier of insulin resistance acting on multiple levels of metabolism. PLoS One 6, e21187.
- Cunxi Nie, Ting He, Wenju Zhang, Guolong Zhang, Xi Ma. Branched Chain Amino Acids: Beyond Nutrition Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Apr; 19(4): 954. Published online 2018 Mar 23. doi: 10.3390/ijms19040954
- Y Zhang, K Guo, RE LeBlanc, D Loh, GJ Schwartz and Y Yu. Increasing Dietary Leucine Intake Reduces Diet-Induced Obesity and Improves Glucose and Cholesterol Metabolism in Mice via Multimechanisms. Diabetes Jun 2007, 56 (6) 1647-1654; DOI: 10.2337/db07-0123
- Deirdre K Tobias, Clary Clish, Samia Mora, Jun Li, Liming Liang, Frank B. Hu, JoAnn E. Manson, Cuilin Zhang. Dietary Intakes and Circulating Concentrations of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Relation to Incident Type 2 Diabetes Risk Among High-Risk Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Clinical Chemistry Aug 2018, 64 (8) 1203-1210; DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.285841
- McCormack S.E, Shaham O, McCarthy MA, Deik AA, Wang TJ, Gerszten RE, Clish CB, Mootha VK, Grinspoon SK and Fleischman A. (2013), Branched‐chain amino acids and IR in children. Pediatric Obesity, 8: 52-61. doi:10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00087.x.
- Sina S Ullrich, Penelope CE Fitzgerald, Gudrun Schober, Robert E Steinert, Michael Horowitz, Christine Feinle-Bisset; Intragastric administration of leucine or isoleucine lowers the blood glucose response to a mixed-nutrient drink by different mechanisms in healthy, lean volunteers. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 104, Issue 5, 1 November 2016, Pages 1274-1284, https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.140640.
- Haufe S. et al. Branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, insulin resistance and liver specific ectopic fat storage in overweight to obese subjects. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Volume 26, Issue 7, 637-642
- Li H, Xu M, Lee J, He C and Xie Z. (2012). Leucine supplementation increases SIRT1 expression and prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic disorders in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 303(10), E1234-E1244. http://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00198.2012
- Chunzi Liang, Benjamin J Curry, Patricia L Brown and Michael B. Zemel, Leucine Modulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis and SIRT1-AMPK Signaling in C2C12 Myotubes, Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 2014, Article ID 239750, 11 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/239750.
- Binder E, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, André C, Elie M, Romero-Zerbo SY, et al. Leucine Supplementation Protects from Insulin Resistance by Regulating Adiposity Levels (2013). Leucine Supplementation Protects from Insulin Resistance by Regulating Adiposity Levels. PLOS ONE 8(9): e74705. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074705
- Banerjee, Jheelam et al. Activation of the AMPK/Sirt1 pathway by a leucine-metformin combination increases insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, and stimulates glucose and lipid metabolism and increases life span in Caenorhabditis elegans. Metabolism - Clinical and Experimental, Volume 65, Issue 11, 1679-1691
- Jiao J, Han S-F, Zhang W, Xu J-Y, Tong X, Yin X-B, Qin L-Q (2016). Chronic leucine supplementation improves lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice fed with a high-fat/cholesterol diet. Food & Nutrition Research, 60, 10.3402/fnr.v60.31304. http://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v60.31304
- Cholsoon Jang, Sungwhan F Oh, Shogo Wada, Glenn C Rowe, Laura Liu, Mun Chun Chan, James Rhee, Atsushi Hoshino, Boa Kim, Ayon Ibrahim, Luisa G Baca, Esl Kim, Chandra C Ghosh, Samir M Parikh, Aihua Jiang, Qingwei Chu, Daniel E Forman, Stewart H Lecker, Saikumari Krishnaiah, Joshua D Rabinowitz, Aalim M Weljie, Joseph A Baur, Dennis L Kasper & Zoltan Arany. Published: 07 March 2016. A branched-chain amino acid metabolite drives vascular fatty acid transport and causes insulin resistance. Nature Medicine volume 22, pages 421-426 (2016)
- D'Antona G, Ragni M, Cardile A, Tedesco L, Dossena M, Bruttini F et al. (2010). Branched-chain amino acid supplementation promotes survival and supports cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in middle-aged mice. Cell Metab. 12, 362-372. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.08.016
- Szmelcman S, Guggenheim K. Interference between leucine, isoleucine and valine during intestinal absorption. Biochemical Journal. 1966;100(1):7-11.
- Robert R. Wolfe. Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: myth or reality? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition201714:30 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0184-9
- L Deldicque, C Sanchez Canedo and S Horman. Antagonistic effects of leucine and glutamine on the mTOR pathway in myogenic C2C12 cells. Amino Acids, 2008, Volume 35, Number 1, Page 147
- Amy Hector, Stuart M. Phillips. Protein Recommendations for Weight Loss in Elite Athletes: A Focus on Body Composition and Performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2017
- Rahimi MH, Shab-Bidar S, Mollahosseini M, Djafarian K. Nutrition 2017. Leucine, Not Total Protein, Content of a Supplement Is the Primary Determinant of Muscle Protein Anabolic Responses in Healthy Older Women, The Journal of Nutrition, nxy091, June 13, 2018
- Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and exercise-induced muscle damage in exercise recovery: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
- Jiao J, Han S.F, Zhang W, Xu JY, Tong X, Yin XB, Yuan LX, Qin LQ (2016). Chronic leucine supplementation improves lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice fed with a high-fat/cholesterol diet. Food & nutrition research, 60, 31304. doi:10.3402/fnr.v60.31304
- Macotela Y, Emanuelli B, Ba˚ng AM, Espinoza DO, Boucher J, Beebe K, et al. Dietary leucine an environmental modifier of insulin resistance acting on multiple levels of metabolism. PLoS One 2011; 6: e21187.
- Zhang Y, Guo K, LeBlanc RE, Loh D, Schwartz GJ, Yu YH. Increasing dietary leucine intake reduces diet-induced obesity and improves glucose and cholesterol metabolism in mice via multimechanisms. Diabetes 2007; 56: 164754.
- Khan M, Joseph F. Adipose tissue and adipokines: the association with and application of adipokines in obesity. Scientifica (Cairo) 2014; 2014: 328592
- Zemel MB, Bruckbauer A. Effects of a leucine and pyridoxine containing nutraceutical on fat oxidation, and oxidative and inflammatory stress in overweight and obese subjects. Nutrients 2012; 4: 52941
- Ricoult SJ, Manning BD. The multifaceted role of mTORC1 in the control of lipid metabolism. EMBO Rep 2013; 14: 24251
- Freudenberg A, Petzke KJ, Klaus S. Comparison of high protein diets and leucine supplementation in the prevention of metabolic syndrome and related disorders in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 3: 152430.
- Vaughan RA, Garcia-Smith R, Gannon NP, Bisoffi M, Trujillo KA, Conn CA. Leucine treatment enhances oxidative capacity through complete carbohydrate oxidation and increased mitochondrial density in skeletal muscle cells. Amino Acids 2013; 45: 90111.
- Zhang Y et al. (2007) Increasing dietary leucine intake reduces diet-induced obesity and improves glucose and cholesterol metabolism in mice via multimechanisms. Diabetes 56(6):1647-1654
- Okekunle AP, Zhang M, Wang Z. et al. Dietary branched-chain amino acids intake exhibited a different relationship with type 2 diabetes and obesity risk: a meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-018-1243-7
- Binder E, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, André C, Elie M, Romero-Zerbo SY, et al. Leucine Supplementation Protects from Insulin Resistance by Regulating Adiposity Levels (2013) Leucine Supplementation Protects from Insulin Resistance by Regulating Adiposity Levels. PLOS ONE 8(9): e74705. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074705
- Binder E, Bermúdez‐Silva FJ, Elie M, Leste‐Lasserre T, Belluomo I, Clark S, Duchampt A, Mithieux G and Cota D. (2014) Leucine supplementation modulates fuel substrates utilization and glucose metabolism in previously obese mice. Obesity, 22: 713-720. doi:10.1002/oby.20578
- Li H, Xu M, Lee J, He C and Xie Z (2012). Leucine supplementation increases SIRT1 expression and prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic disorders in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 303(10), E1234-44.
- Pedroso JA, Zampieri TT and and Donato J. (2015). Reviewing the Effects of L-Leucine Supplementation in the Regulation of Food Intake, Energy Balance, and Glucose Homeostasis. Nutrients, 7 (5), 3914-37. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu705391
- Caoileann H Murphy, Nelson I Saddler, Michaela C Devries, Chris McGlory, Steven K Baker and Stuart M Phillips. Leucine supplementation enhances integrative myofibrillar protein synthesis in free-living older men consuming lower- and higher-protein diets: a parallel-group crossover study, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 104, Issue 6, 1 December 2016, Pages 1594-1606, https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.136424
- Yadao DR, MacKenzie S and Bergdahl A. (2018) Reducing branched‐chain amino acid intake to reverse metabolic complications in obesity and type 2 diabetes. J Physiol, 596: 3455-3456. doi:10.1113/JP276274
